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Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

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Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
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Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization
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Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

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Posttranslational modifications in systems biology.

Suruchi Aggarwal1, Priya Tolani2, Srishti Gupta3

  • 1Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, India.

Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology
|August 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) add functional diversity beyond genes and proteins, crucial for cellular processes and disease. Advanced profiling tools are needed for better disease understanding and drug discovery.

Keywords:
Mass spectrometryNetwork biologyPTM annotationPosttranslational modificationsSystems biology

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Area of Science:

  • Proteomics
  • Systems Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Biological complexity extends beyond genes and proteins, with protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) significantly contributing to functional diversity.
  • PTMs regulate critical cellular functions including protein structure, activity, localization, and interactions, thereby driving cellular signaling, growth, and development.
  • Dysregulation of PTMs is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of PTMs in understanding biological complexity and disease.
  • To emphasize the need for advanced tools for high-resolution profiling of PTM networks.
  • To underscore the potential of PTM profiling in advancing disease understanding, precision medicine, and the discovery of biomarkers and drug targets.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative profiling of PTMs using mass spectrometry.
  • Bioinformatics analysis tools for systems-level insights into PTM network architecture.
  • Development of tools for unbiased, high-throughput, and accurate PTM identification, site localization, and automated annotation.

Main Results:

  • PTMs provide functional diversity to the proteome, influencing cellular processes.
  • Mass spectrometry and bioinformatics enable systems-level understanding of PTM networks.
  • High-resolution PTM profiling is essential for advancing disease research and therapeutic development.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding PTMs is critical for a comprehensive view of biological systems.
  • Improved PTM identification and annotation tools are necessary for progress in precision medicine.
  • Advanced PTM profiling holds significant promise for biomarker and drug target discovery.