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Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Three-electrode Coin Cell Preparation and Electrodeposition Analytics for Lithium-ion Batteries
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Effectively Regulating More Robust Amorphous Li Clusters for Ultrastable Dendrite-Free Cycling.

Shizhi Huang1, Junfeng Yang1, Luxiang Ma1

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|August 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Robust amorphous lithium (ALi) clusters were stabilized on heteroatom-doped graphene-like films, enabling ultrastable, dendrite-free battery cycling over 2800 times. This breakthrough enhances lithium metal anode performance and longevity.

Keywords:
amorphous Li clusterseffectively regulatingheteroatom-activating electronegative sitesorderly multilayer solid electrolyte interphasesultrastable dendrite-free cycling

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Uncontrolled and unstable growth of lithium deposits in nanostructures hinders battery performance.
  • Nanoscale characterization of lithium structures is challenging.
  • Disordered lithium phases are attractive but difficult to manage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reveal and regulate robust amorphous lithium (ALi) clusters.
  • To enhance the stability and performance of lithium metal anodes.
  • To investigate the role of heteroatom-activating sites and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers.

Main Methods:

  • Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) for nanoscale characterization.
  • Utilizing heteroatom-doping graphene-like films (HDGs) with electronegative sites.
  • Fabrication of advanced, orderly multilayer SEI structures.
  • Electrochemical testing in optimized fluoroethylene carbonate-ester (FEC-ester) and LiNO3-ether electrolytes.

Main Results:

  • Heteroatom-activating sites enhanced Li+ interaction with HDGs, lowering diffusion barriers and increasing binding energy.
  • Small nucleation overpotentials (13.9 and 10 mV at 0.1 mA cm-2) were observed.
  • Orderly multilayer SEI structures facilitated fast ion transport and durable cycling.
  • ALi cluster anodes demonstrated non-crystalline morphologies and dendrite-free cycling over 2800 cycles.
  • Full cells (LFP-ALi-HDGs-N||LFP) achieved high capacities (165.5 and 164.3 mAh g-1) with excellent capacity retention (93% and 91% after 150 cycles).

Conclusions:

  • Structure viability, electrochemical reversibility, and performance of ALi clusters are effectively regulated.
  • The developed strategy enables highly reversible and long-term lithium plating/stripping cycling.
  • This approach offers a promising pathway for stable and high-performance lithium metal batteries.