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Tissue clearing and 3D imaging - putting immune cells into context.

Julian Hofmann1,2, Selina J Keppler1,2

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Optical clearing and 3D imaging enable detailed study of immune cells in their natural environments. This review covers methods, challenges, and applications for analyzing immune cell localization and quantification in various tissues.

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3D imagingImmune cellsTissue clearing

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biomedical Imaging

Background:

  • Understanding cell-cell and cell-niche interactions is vital for inflammatory and pathophysiological conditions like viral infections, tumor microenvironments, and neuroinflammation.
  • Optical clearing and 3D volumetric imaging offer advanced methods for studying cells in their native tissue context.
  • Previous applications focused on structural components, but recent advancements allow detailed examination of immune cells within their niches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in tissue clearing and 3D imaging techniques.
  • To focus on the localization and quantification of immune cells within their microenvironments.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions for immune cell analysis in homeostatic and inflammatory settings.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing recent advancements in optical clearing methodologies.
  • Discussing 3D volumetric imaging techniques for large tissue samples or whole organs.
  • Reviewing protocols, limitations, and image analysis strategies for immune cell imaging.

Main Results:

  • Optical clearing and 3D imaging are powerful tools for visualizing cells in situ.
  • These techniques are increasingly applied to study immune cells within specific niches.
  • Challenges in imaging and analysis are being addressed to improve resolution and quantification.

Conclusions:

  • Tissue clearing and 3D imaging provide unprecedented insights into immune cell behavior and distribution.
  • Future developments will enhance the analysis of immune cells in both healthy and diseased states.
  • This approach is crucial for understanding complex immune responses in various pathophysiological scenarios.