Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
Published on: June 13, 2025
Ruggedness Testing-Part I: Ignoring Interactions
Robert C Paule1, George Marinenko1, Melissa Knoerdel1
1National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
Abstract:
A straightforward explanation of the statistical technique of ruggedness testing is presented. Efficient Plackett-Burman designs are used in ruggedness tests. These designs involve the simultaneous change of levels of a number of variables. The designs allow the ruggedness test user to determine the effect of the separated variables on the measurement process. This paper (Part I) deals with the common situation where two-factor and higher order interactions can be safely ignored. A method is presented for evaluating the experimental uncertainties. A detailed example of glass electrode measurements of pH of dilute HCl solutions is used to illustrate ruggedness testing procedures.
Related Concept Videos
Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate
Quantifying and Rejecting Outliers: The Grubbs Test
Test for Homogeneity
Goodness-of-Fit Test
Two-Way ANOVA
The two-way ANOVA analysis initially begins by stating the null hypothesis that there is an interaction effect between the two factors of a dataset. This effect can be visualized using line segments formed by joining the...
Randomized Experiments
Simple randomization
Simple...

