Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
Published on: June 13, 2025
Ruggedness Testing-Part II: Recognizing Interactions
Robert C Paule1, George Marinenko1, Melissa Knoerdel1
1National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
Abstract:
This paper is a continuation of the preceding article which introduced the reader to the general concepts of ruggedness testing. The current paper describes the effects of interactions on the measurement process, and presents procedures for the separation of the main effects from the two-factor interactions. The general characteristics of interactions are described in some detail. A short-cut procedure is presented for the calculations. A number of examples of glass electrode measurements of pH of dilute acid solutions are used to illustrate ruggedness testing procedures.
Related Concept Videos
Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate
Response Surface Methodology
The process of RSM involves several key steps:
Quantitative Aspects of Drug-Receptor Interaction
Rolling Resistance: Problem Solving
Test for Homogeneity
Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

