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Constant Volume Calorimetry02:41

Constant Volume Calorimetry

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Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
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Calorimetry01:19

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When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements is called calorimetry. Generally, these measurements involve heat or specific heat capacity. The term "calorimetry problem" is used for any problem where the specified objects are thermally isolated from their...
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Constant Pressure Calorimetry03:02

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

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Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...
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Mass Analyzers: Overview01:13

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The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
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Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

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The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
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Heat Capacity: Problem-Solving01:17

Heat Capacity: Problem-Solving

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The heat capacity of a gas is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of gas by one degree Celsius. It is an important thermodynamic property of gases, and its determination is essential in many industrial and scientific applications. Here are the steps to solve problems related to the heat capacities of gases:
Determine the type of gas: The heat capacity of a gas depends on its molecular structure and the degree of freedom of its molecules. Different types of...
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The Enthalpy of Formation of MoF<sub>6</sub>(<i>ℓ</i>) by Solution Calorimetry.

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A Multi-kilogram Capacity Calorimeter For Heterogeneous Materials.

K L Churney1, A E Ledford1, M L Reilly1

  • 1National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.

Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards (1977)
|August 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new large-capacity calorimeter accurately measures the combustion enthalpy of municipal solid waste (MSW) samples. This advancement provides precise data for waste-to-energy processes and environmental impact assessments.

Keywords:
calorific valuecombustionflow calorimeterkilogram capacity calorimetermunicipal solid waste

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Area of Science:

  • Thermochemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Waste Management

Background:

  • Accurate determination of municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion enthalpy is crucial for waste-to-energy technologies.
  • Existing calorimeters are often limited in sample size, hindering the analysis of representative MSW quantities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and construct a large-capacity calorimeter capable of measuring the enthalpies of combustion for kilogram-size MSW samples.
  • To ensure complete combustion of the organic fraction of MSW samples.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a large-capacity calorimeter operating with flowing oxygen near atmospheric pressure.
  • Calibration using microcrystalline cellulose to assess calorimeter precision.
  • Measurement of enthalpy of combustion for processed MSW samples.

Main Results:

  • Achieved complete combustion of the organic fraction of MSW samples to over 99.9%.
  • Calibration measurements using microcrystalline cellulose showed a percent coefficient of variation (% CV) of 0.2%.
  • MSW sample combustion enthalpy measurements yielded a % CV of 0.4%, with estimated combined systematic errors below 0.4%.

Conclusions:

  • The designed calorimeter reliably determines the enthalpy of combustion for large MSW samples with high precision and accuracy.
  • The results support the use of this calorimeter for detailed characterization of MSW for energy recovery applications.
  • The low % CV and minimal systematic errors demonstrate the suitability of the calorimeter for rigorous scientific investigation.