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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay01:33

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

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In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen.  Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or...
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
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Japanese B Encephalitis.

Anita Mehta1, Rajeev Singh2, Vinita E Mani3

  • 1Department of Pediatric Baba Raghav Das Medical College, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine : Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine
|August 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes epidemics and affects children, with pigs and birds as hosts and mosquitoes as vectors. Currently, no FDA-approved antiviral drugs exist for JEV infection.

Keywords:
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitisExtrapyramidal sequelaeFlavivirusIgM ELISA testJapanese encephalitisMinocycline

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • RNA viruses are significant agents of viral pandemics and emerging/re-emerging diseases.
  • Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes epidemics of encephalitis across Southeast Asia and beyond, primarily affecting children with a high mortality rate.
  • Pigs act as amplifiers, aquatic birds as maintenance hosts, and Culex mosquitoes as vectors for JEV transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV).
  • To discuss the epidemiology, transmission, and clinical impact of JEV.
  • To highlight the current status of prevention and treatment for JEV infection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of JEV epidemiology, transmission, and clinical manifestations.
  • Summary of JEV genotypes and existing vaccine development.
  • Assessment of current therapeutic options for JEV.

Main Results:

  • JEV is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family.
  • Five genotypes (G-I to G-V) of JEV have been identified.
  • Four types of vaccines are available, but no FDA-approved antiviral drug exists for JEV treatment.

Conclusions:

  • JEV remains a significant public health concern due to its widespread distribution and severe impact, particularly on children.
  • Effective vector control and vaccination strategies are crucial for managing JEV outbreaks.
  • Further research and development are needed to establish antiviral therapies for JEV.