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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Tin Metal Cluster Compounds as New Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials by Computational Study.

Zirui Wang^1,2, Guoxiang Zhao¹, Weiyin Yan¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P.R. China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

|August 4, 2021

Summary

Researchers explored tin clusters (Sn4) to find new nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Ring-structured Sn4 clusters showed the best performance due to electron delocalization, offering new design strategies for advanced NLO materials.

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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

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Last Updated: Oct 25, 2025

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids

Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids

Published on: May 27, 2020

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Computational Chemistry
Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

Predicting and synthesizing novel nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with high performance is a significant challenge.
Third-order NLO materials are crucial for advanced photonic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between the core structures of Sn4 clusters and their third-order NLO properties.
To identify design principles for enhancing NLO responses in metal clusters.

Main Methods:

Electronic structure calculations
Excited hole-electron analysis
Bonding character analysis (NBO, ELF, AdNDP)
Aromaticity analysis

Main Results:

Sn4 clusters with a ring core structure (Sn4-R) exhibited the smallest energy gap (E_gap) and strongest UV-vis response intensity.
Sn4-R clusters demonstrated the most significant third-order NLO response among the studied structures.
Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis revealed two in-plane four-center-two-electron (4c-2e) Sn-Sn sigma bonds in Sn4^4+, indicating substantial electron delocalization.

Conclusions:

Electron delocalization within metal cluster cores, specifically in tin clusters, is beneficial for enhancing third-order NLO responses.
The findings provide a novel strategy for designing and preparing efficient third-order NLO materials based on metal cluster delocalization.