Advances in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, and radiological imaging and locoregional therapies are essential for the management of patients with HCC.

In cirrhotic patients, a characteristic imaging pattern establishes the noninvasive diagnosis of HCC with acceptable sensitivity and high specificity. In addition to diagnosis, imaging is used in the staging of patients and treatment allocation. Multiparametric MRI with hepatospecific contrast agents improves lesion detection, characterization, and treatment allocation; recently described imaging criteria allow identification of precursor lesions. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) have been established in the treatment of patients with HCC at the early and intermediate stages, respectively. Microwave ablation has been described as an alternative to RFA in selected cases. Imaging-guided brachytherapy, a catheter-based radiotherapy technique, offers advantages to overcome some limitations of the aforementioned therapies, including the tumor location and size. Currently, no adjuvant therapy is recommended after RFA or TACE, but several new drugs are under evaluation. Furthermore, although the exact role of selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) in HCC still needs to be defined, it is an alternative to systemic agents in patients with intolerance, and additional benefit has been shown in selected subgroups. Additionally, SIRT offers an alternate to TACE with higher objective response rates in patients who needs bridging before transplantation.

New imaging criteria improved lesion detection in patients at a risk for HCC, and advances in interventional therapies expanded the range of patients eligible for locoregional treatments.