Immune-Mediated Uveitis and Lifestyle Factors: A Review

Uveitis is a leading cause of sight-threatening disease worldwide and is characterized by inflammation of the uvea, retina, and optic nerve. Among the forms of uveitis, immune-mediated uveitis represents the majority of cases in developed countries, while infectious uveitis is more common in developing countries. A Western lifestyle is thought to be one of the factors contributing to the difference and is responsible for the increasing incidence of immune-mediated uveitis. A vast range of studies have reported the importance of lifestyle factors, including smoking, gut microbiome, diet, and physical activity on immune-mediated uveitis patients and animal models of uveitis; however, there is a lack of an expert-led consensus initiative for the management of immune-mediated uveitis patients in the area of lifestyle. Herein, we summarize the advancements in the role of lifestyle factors in immune-mediated uveitis based on clinical and experimental evidence and make suggestions for patients to ameliorate inflammation and improve the prognosis, including quitting smoking, engaging in regular physical activity, consuming a personalized anti-inflammatory diet, and optimizing the gut microbiome.