Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 25, 2025
10:26
Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
Published on: September 11, 2021
4.1K
How Teachers Adapt Their Cognitive Strategies When Using Entrustment Scales
Milena Forte1, Natalie Morson2, Natasha Mirchandani3
1M. Forte is assistant professor, Postgraduate lead, Office of Education Scholarship, Maternity Care lead, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9387-0184 .
Summary
Medical teachers show varied cognitive strategies when using entrustment scales (ES) for assessments. Understanding these rater cognition differences is key for accurate learner progress evaluation and readiness for practice.
Area of Science:
- Medical Education
- Cognitive Psychology
- Assessment Science
Background:
- Rater cognition influences assessment accuracy in medical education.
- Traditional assessment scales have been extensively studied regarding rater cognition.
- Entrustment scales (ES) are increasingly adopted for workplace-based assessments.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore how medical teachers adapt their cognitive rating strategies when using entrustment scales (ES).
- To understand the thinking processes of teachers making rating decisions with ES in obstetrical care supervision.
Main Methods:
- Cognitive interviews with purposive sampling of family medicine teachers.
- Retrospective verbal protocol analysis of rating experiences with ES.
- Constructivist grounded theory for iterative data collection and analysis.
Main Results:
- Teachers exhibited variability in interpreting and using ES anchors.
- Challenges were noted in shifting from traditional rating scales to ES.
- Teachers struggled to confine assessments to observed behaviors, often contextualizing ratings.
Conclusions:
- Variability in performance interpretation persists with entrustment frameworks.
- Individual rater cognition significantly impacts assessment of learner progress.
- Insights into rater cognition can inform decisions on readiness for unsupervised practice.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Metacognition
349
Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
349
01:20Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal Theory
783
Cognitive psychologist Richard Lazarus proposed the cognitive-mediational theory of emotions, which emphasizes how individuals' assessments of stressors significantly affect their experience of stress. According to Lazarus, the stress response is determined by a two-step appraisal process: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. These cognitive appraisals help individuals evaluate the potential impact of a stressor and determine the adequacy of their coping resources.
Primary Appraisal:...
Primary Appraisal:...
783
01:27Protecting Self-Esteem
49
Self-esteem, a central component of psychological well-being, is actively maintained through various cognitive and behavioral strategies. Individuals employ specific mechanisms to preserve a positive self-concept and mitigate threats to their self-worth, particularly in contexts involving social evaluation or personal feedback. Four primary techniques are commonly used to sustain self-esteem.Manipulating AppraisalsOne prominent strategy involves manipulating appraisals from others. Individuals...
49
01:12Strategies of Self-Presentation I: Strategic Self-Presentation
50
Strategic self-presentation refers to individuals' intentional efforts to influence how others perceive them. This process is employed in various social and professional settings, such as job interviews, dating, politics, and legal contexts, where individuals seek to shape impressions to gain social or material advantages. While people generally present themselves in ways that align with their authentic characteristics, external factors, such as cognitive load, can hinder their ability to...
50
01:30Impact of Schemas
55
Schemas are cognitive structures that provide a framework for interpreting and organizing social information. They help individuals navigate complex environments by offering expectations about people, events, and behaviors. Schemas influence attention, encoding, and retrieval processes, thereby shaping the entire trajectory of information processing in social contexts.Attention and Cognitive LoadDuring initial attention, schemas function as filters that prioritize schema-consistent information,...
55
02:16Surveys
16.2K
Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
16.2K