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Role of Hematological and Immunological Parameters in COVID-19 Patients
Avanindra Kumar1, Shipra Sepolia2, R H Shilpa3
1Primary Health Center, Shamho, Akha Kurha, Begusarai, Bihar, India.
Insights
Hematological and immunological markers like white blood cell counts and D-dimers can help assess COVID-19 severity. These parameters aid in evaluating infection risks and guiding patient management strategies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Area of Science:
- Infectious Diseases
- Hematology
- Immunology
Background:
- The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, necessitates understanding its pathophysiological mechanisms.
- Hematological and immunological parameters are crucial for evaluating COVID-19 infection, associated risks, and management effectiveness.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze the role of various hematological and immunological parameters in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of 300 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients categorized by disease severity (mild, moderate, severe).
- Collected data included total leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, lymphocytic subsets, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin levels.
- Statistical analysis using SPSS 22.0 with independent t-test and Chi-square test.
Main Results:
- Significant differences observed in white blood cell and lymphocyte counts across severity groups.
- Elevated D-dimer, ferritin, LDH, and CRP levels were statistically significant, correlating with disease severity.
- Lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+) showed significant correlations, particularly in mild-to-moderate cases compared to severe cases.
Conclusions:
- Hematological and immunological parameter assessment is valuable for planning COVID-19 patient management.
- These markers can aid in predicting disease progression and tailoring treatment strategies.
Background:
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to efforts from the medical and scientific community in understanding the biological basis of COVID-19 pathophysiological mechanisms. Thus, analysis of various hematological and immunological parameters may be helpful for COVID-19 infection evaluation for risks involved and effectiveness in management.
Aim:
The aim of this study was to analyze the role of various hematological and immunological parameters in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Materials And Methods:
This retrospective analysis was performed on 300 patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. All participants of the study were divided into - (a) Group I: patients with mild symptoms and normal chest radiographic findings; (b) patients with moderate disease presenting with fever and cough along with other respiratory symptoms, and (c) patients suffering from severe disease. Data collection was done from all patients at the time of hospital admission for hematological and immunological parameters - (a) total leukocyte count, (b) lymphocyte count, (c) lymphocytic subset count, (d) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, (e) D-dimer, (f) C-reactive protein (CRP), and (g) ferritin levels. SPSS 22.0 software was used for determining P values by independent t-test and Chi-square test.
Results:
The median age was 65 years (interquartile range -57-71 years). While comparing white blood cell and lymphocyte counts, extremely significant P values were obtained. D-dimers and ferritin levels demonstrated extremely significant P values while both LDH and CRPs showed statistical significance. Correlation of lymphocytic subsets showed extreme significance in total lymphocyte counts in mild-to-moderate as compared to severely infected patients while both CD4+ and CD8+ counts demonstrated statistical significance in mild-moderate infected cases. Statistical significance was noted in D-dimer, CRP, and LDH levels also.
Conclusion:
Assessment of hematological and immunological parameters can be used to plan the management of COVID-19 patients.
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