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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Fatal Cowpox Virus Infection in Human Fetus, France, 2017.

Audrey Ferrier, Gaelle Frenois-Veyrat, Evelyne Schvoerer

    Emerging Infectious Diseases
    |August 5, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Cowpox virus (CPXV) infection in a pregnant woman caused fetal death, even without vaccination. This highlights the risk of CPXV during pregnancy, similar to vaccinia virus.

    Keywords:
    Francecowpox virusfetal mortalityinfectionorthopoxvirusviruses

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    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Public Health
    • Obstetrics & Gynecology

    Background:

    • Cowpox virus (CPXV) is an animal-borne orthopoxvirus transmitted to humans through animal contact.
    • Maternal orthopoxvirus infection can lead to severe fetal complications, including death.
    • Previous cases of fetal death linked to orthopoxvirus have primarily involved vaccination, not natural infection.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report a case of fetal death resulting from Cowpox virus infection in a pregnant woman.
    • To investigate the source of CPXV infection in the absence of vaccination or known animal contact.
    • To assess the risk of CPXV infection to fetal outcomes during pregnancy.

    Main Methods:

    • Diagnosis of CPXV infection was confirmed through PCR detection of viral DNA in maternal and fetal biopsy samples.
    • Infectious CPXV was isolated from biopsy samples, but not from plasma.
    • Epidemiological investigation of domestic animals in contact with the patient was conducted.

    Main Results:

    • A pregnant woman in France experienced fetal death due to Cowpox virus infection.
    • CPXV DNA was identified in all fetal and maternal biopsy specimens.
    • Infectious CPXV was successfully isolated from biopsy tissues.
    • No evidence of CPXV infection was found in the patient's domestic animals.

    Conclusions:

    • Cowpox virus infection poses a significant risk of fetal complications, including death, during pregnancy.
    • CPXV infection during pregnancy can have severe outcomes comparable to those seen with vaccinia virus.
    • This case underscores the importance of considering zoonotic viral infections in unexplained fetal demise.