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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Animals, vaccines, and COVID-19.

Anita Guerrini1

  • 1Oregon State University, 322 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

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|August 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Animals are crucial to the COVID-19 pandemic, from its origin to vaccine development. Understanding human-animal interactions is key for preventing future zoonotic diseases and improving global health strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Epidemiology
  • One Health

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the significant role of animals, particularly mammals, in disease emergence and spread.
  • Zoonotic diseases, like COVID-19, demonstrate the interconnectedness of human and animal health.
  • Animals have historically been vital in medical advancements, including vaccine development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the critical role of animals in the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • To underscore the bidirectional transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between humans and animals.
  • To advocate for an interdisciplinary medical approach integrating human and animal health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on animal involvement in COVID-19.
  • Analysis of zoonotic disease transmission patterns.
Keywords:
Animals in scienceCOVID-19CoronavirusesOne HealthVaccines

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  • Historical perspective on animal use in vaccine research.
  • Main Results:

    • COVID-19 originated in animals, with ongoing transmission between animal and human populations.
    • Animals have been instrumental in the research and development of COVID-19 vaccines.
    • The pandemic underscores the need to study human-animal interfaces for disease control.

    Conclusions:

    • An interdisciplinary, One Health approach is essential for managing zoonotic diseases.
    • Continued research into animal-human disease dynamics is critical for pandemic preparedness.
    • Integrating veterinary and human medicine is vital for global health security.