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Updated: Oct 25, 2025
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Induction and Phenotyping of Acute Right Heart Failure in a Large Animal Model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Published on: March 17, 2022
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High-output Cardiac Failure: A Forgotten Phenotype in Clinical Practice
Diane Xavier de Ávila1,2, Humberto Villacorta1, Wolney de Andrade Martins1,2
1Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Current Cardiology Reviews
|August 6, 2021
Summary
High-Output Cardiac Failure (HOCF) presents with two phenotypes: enlarged or normal cardiac chambers. Understanding these phenotypes and their underlying mechanisms is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective treatment of HOCF.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Internal Medicine
Background:
- High-Output Cardiac Failure (HOCF) knowledge has advanced, revealing new phenotypes.
- A key phenotype involves normal ventricular size, linked to conditions like liver disease, arteriovenous fistulas (AVF), and obesity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct an integrative review of HOCF.
- To describe the physiopathology and etiologies of HOCF.
- To discuss the distinct phenotypes associated with HOCF.
Main Methods:
- Searched MEDLINE and LILACS databases.
- Utilized MeSH Terms 'cardiac output, high' and 'high cardiac output'.
- Included revisions, guidelines, case-controls, cohort studies, and clinical studies.
Main Results:
- Identified two HOCF phenotypes: enlarged cardiac chambers and normal cardiac chambers.
- Key mechanisms include vasodilation, arteriovenous shunts, reduced systemic vascular resistance (RSVR), and high metabolism.
- These mechanisms activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to sodium/water retention and ventricular remodeling.
Conclusions:
- HOCF has distinct phenotypes irrespective of etiology.
- Prompt recognition and treatment of HOCF can improve patient outcomes.
- Some HOCF etiologies are potentially curable.
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