The Term Newborn: Congenital Infections

Area of Science:

• Pediatrics
• Infectious Diseases
• Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

• Maternal pathogens pose risks for fetal transmission, leading to congenital infections.
• Congenital infections can range from asymptomatic to severe, including stillbirth.
• The TORCH mnemonic is limited in describing the full spectrum of congenital pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the evaluation and management of common congenital infections in infants.
• To highlight infections requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent severe complications.
• To discuss the scope of pathogens beyond the traditional TORCH infections.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on common and critical congenital infections.
• Emphasis on diagnostic approaches and management strategies for affected infants.
• Discussion of pathogens including cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, HIV, and syphilis.

Main Results:

• Cytomegalovirus is a common congenital infection requiring management.
• Prompt diagnosis and treatment are vital for toxoplasmosis, HIV, and syphilis to prevent sequelae.
• While Zika virus and Chagas disease are less common, they are part of the differential diagnosis.

Conclusions:

• Effective management of congenital infections necessitates a broad understanding of pathogens.
• Early intervention is key to mitigating the long-term health consequences of congenital infections.
• Clinical practice should adapt to include emerging and less common congenital pathogens.