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Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation01:10

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Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually perpendicular to radiation propagation through space. EM radiation can be classified as a wave, characterized by the properties of waves such as wavelength (denoted as λ) and frequency (represented by ν).
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Symmetry in Maxwell's Equations01:28

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Once the fields have been calculated using Maxwell's four equations, the Lorentz force equation gives the force that the fields exert on a charged particle moving with a certain velocity. The Lorentz force equation combines the force of the electric field and of the magnetic field on the moving charge. Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law together encompass all the laws of electricity and magnetism. The symmetry that Maxwell introduced into his mathematical framework may not be...
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Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
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The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

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Order-Unity Correction to Hawking Radiation.

Eanna E Flanagan1

  • 1Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA and Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education (CLASSE), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|August 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hawking radiation deviates from initial predictions over time due to quantum gravitational effects. These deviations alter the angular distribution, potentially resolving the black hole information paradox.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical physics
  • Quantum gravity
  • Black hole thermodynamics

Background:

  • Stephen Hawking's 1974 prediction described black hole radiation properties.
  • Deviations from Hawking's prediction grow over time, becoming significant after t∼M_{i}^{7/3}.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term evolution of Hawking radiation.
  • To explore the quantum gravitational origins of deviations in Hawking radiation.
  • To understand the implications for black hole information paradox.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of deviations in emitted radiation near future null infinity.
  • Examination of the angular distribution of Hawking radiation over time.
  • Investigation of quantum gravitational effects, including wave function spreading.

Main Results:

  • Emitted radiation properties initially match Hawking's prediction but deviate significantly over time.
  • Angular distribution shifts from low multipole dominance to a power-law spectrum.
  • Quantum gravitational effects, like wave function spreading, cause these modifications.

Conclusions:

  • Modified angular distribution increases soft hair modes, potentially enabling the Hawking-Perry-Strominger mechanism.
  • These findings suggest a resolution pathway for the black hole information paradox.
  • The study highlights the importance of quantum gravity in understanding black hole evaporation.