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Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:
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Bernoulli's equation relates the energy conservation in a fluid moving along a streamline. The equation applies to incompressible and inviscid fluids under steady flow. For such a flow, Newton's second law is applied to a small fluid element, which experiences forces due to pressure differences, gravity, and velocity variations. The force balance leads to the following form of Bernoulli's equation:
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Couette Flow01:22

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Couette flow represents the flow of fluid between two parallel plates, with one plate fixed and the other moving with a constant velocity. This configuration allows for a simplified analysis using the Navier-Stokes equations, which govern fluid motion under conditions of viscosity and incompressibility. For Couette flow, the assumptions include a steady, laminar, incompressible flow with a zero-pressure gradient in the flow direction. This flow type is beneficial for understanding shear-driven...
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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In hydraulic engineering, sluice gates are essential for managing water flow through channels, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. Sluice gates, acting as vertical barriers, regulate water by adjusting the gate's opening height, which changes the velocity and pressure of water flowing beneath the gate. Understanding the forces involved is crucial to designing sluice gates that can withstand dynamic pressure differences, especially when the gate is closed or partially open.
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Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline01:16

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Coherent Jetting from a Gate-Defined Channel in Bilayer Graphene.

Carolin Gold1, Angelika Knothe2, Annika Kurzmann1

  • 1Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.

Physical Review Letters
|August 6, 2021
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Summary

Researchers observed unique electronic jets in bilayer graphene, forming at a 60° angle due to band structure warping. This finding impacts quantum transport in 2D materials and valley-selective devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Transport

Background:

  • Graphene is a leading platform for quantum transport, comparable to semiconductor systems.
  • Understanding carrier behavior in graphene is crucial for advanced electronic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phenomenon of electronic jets in bilayer graphene.
  • To correlate the observed electronic jets with the material's band structure properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a narrow split-gate-defined channel in bilayer graphene.
  • Observed electronic jets through their interference patterns.
  • Analyzed the angular distribution of the electronic jets.

Main Results:

  • Distinct electronic jets were observed emanating from the channel.
  • These jets predominantly occurred at an angle of 60° relative to each other.
  • The 60° angle is linked to trigonal warping in bilayer graphene's band structure.

Conclusions:

  • The observed electron jetting is a consequence of trigonal band warping and electron injection dynamics.
  • This phenomenon influences carrier transport in two-dimensional materials with similar band structures.
  • Findings are relevant for devices utilizing ballistic and valley-selective transport.