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Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice
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Ageing and Olfactory Dysfunction in Trisomy 21: A Systematic Review.

Hanani Abdul Manan1, Noorazrul Yahya2

  • 1Makmal Pemprosesan Imej Kefungsian, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.

Brain Sciences
|August 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Individuals with trisomy 21 experience early olfactory dysfunction affecting smell identification, discrimination, and threshold. This decline is pronounced after age 30, highlighting the need for further research into brain aging mechanisms.

Keywords:
Down syndromeolfactory dysfunctiontrisomy 21

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The olfactory system is susceptible to age-related decline.
  • These changes are exacerbated in individuals with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).
  • The mechanisms underlying olfactory deterioration in trisomy 21 are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on olfactory dysfunction in trisomy 21.
  • To explore the impact of aging on olfactory function in this population.
  • To identify research gaps and suggest future study directions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases.
  • PRISMA guidelines followed for study selection.
  • Review focused on olfactory domains: threshold, discrimination, and identification.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory impairment begins early in individuals with trisomy 21.
  • The full impact of olfactory deficits is evident after 30 years of age.
  • Threshold, discrimination, and identification are all affected.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction in trisomy 21 starts young and impacts multiple sensory domains.
  • Further quantitative research across all ages is needed.
  • Understanding the pathophysiology of brain aging in trisomy 21 is crucial.