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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Fabrication of Ti3C2 MXene Microelectrode Arrays for In Vivo Neural Recording
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Can Anions Be Inserted into MXene?

Netanel Shpigel1, Arup Chakraborty1, Fyodor Malchik2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and BINA-BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|August 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anion intercalation into Ti3C2Tx (MXene) electrodes is unlikely, even in concentrated electrolytes. This finding clarifies MXene behavior in energy storage, despite their potential for high-power applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Ti3C2Tx (MXene) shows promise for high-power batteries and supercapacitors.
  • The role of anions and their intercalation in MXene electrodes remains unclear.
  • Limited positive potential stability in diluted electrolytes hinders MXene performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the possibility of anion intercalation into restacked MXene electrodes.
  • To clarify the role of anions in electrochemical energy storage using MXene.
  • To determine if anion insertion occurs within the operational potential range for capacitive energy storage.

Main Methods:

  • In situ gravimetric electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D) measurements.
  • Experiments conducted in highly concentrated LiCl and LiBr electrolytes to extend the positive potential range.
  • Complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Main Results:

  • Mass change variations indicate no significant anion insertion into MXene electrodes.
  • Anion intercalation was not observed even in concentrated electrolytes and extended potential ranges.
  • Density functional theory calculations support the experimental findings.

Conclusions:

  • Anionic species are unlikely to intercalate into Ti3C2Tx (MXene) within the potentials relevant for capacitive energy storage.
  • The strong negative charge on MXene sheets, due to functional groups, prevents anion insertion.
  • This finding provides crucial insights into MXene electrode behavior and limitations in energy storage applications.