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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Individualist and collectivist cultures emphasize different core values, shaping personality in distinct ways. In individualist cultures, such as those in the United States, England, and Australia, people prioritize independence, competition, and personal achievement. These societies tend to promote self-focused traits, with individuals often reporting higher levels of self-esteem. In contrast, collectivist cultures, commonly found in regions like Asia, Africa, and South America, emphasize...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
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Cross-Cultural Measurement Invariance in the Personality Inventory for DSM-5✰.

M A Sorrel1, L F García2, A Aluja3

  • 1Autonomous University of Madrid (Spain).

Psychiatry Research
|August 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cross-cultural personality comparisons are valid, as the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) shows scalar invariance across cultures. This allows for meaningful comparisons of personality disorder traits globally.

Keywords:
DSM-5Factor analysisMeasurement invariancePID-5Personality disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Cross-cultural Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Cross-cultural comparisons of test scores require measurement invariance.
  • Previous studies confirmed configural and metric invariance for the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (DSM-5 Section III) across cultures.
  • Scalar invariance, crucial for comparing means, has not been sufficiently tested.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the gap in scalar invariance testing for the dimensional Alternative Model of Personality Disorders.
  • To investigate the cross-cultural equivalence of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5).

Main Methods:

  • Administered the PID-5 to 4,380 participants across five countries (Belgium, Catalonia, France, Spain, Switzerland).
  • Utilized multi-group confirmatory factor analysis to assess configural, metric, and scalar invariance.
  • Examined the stability of the measurement model across diverse linguistic and cultural groups.

Main Results:

  • Configural and metric invariance were supported, indicating a stable model structure across samples.
  • Partial scalar invariance was achieved, with minimal influence from non-invariant facets.
  • Cross-cultural mean comparisons of personality disorder traits are permissible.

Conclusions:

  • The PID-5 demonstrates sufficient cross-cultural equivalence for valid comparisons of personality disorder traits.
  • Partial scalar invariance supports the meaningful comparison of baseline personality trait levels across diverse cultures.
  • Findings contribute to a better understanding of cultural influences on psychopathology development.