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Intergroup preference, not dehumanization, explains social biases in emotion attribution.

Florence E Enock1, Steven P Tipper1, Harriet Over1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.

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Summary

Infrahumanization theory, a model of social bias, claims outgroups are denied human emotions. Our research finds this inaccurate; instead, outgroups receive fewer prosocial and more antisocial emotions, explained by ingroup preference and stereotyping.

Keywords:
DehumanizationInfrahumanizationIntergroup biasPrejudiceSocial cognition

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Intergroup Relations
  • Social Cognition

Background:

  • Psychological models are crucial for understanding and improving intergroup relations by accurately characterizing social biases.
  • The concept of outgroup dehumanization is widespread in social sciences, with infrahumanization theory being a prominent model.
  • Infrahumanization theory posits that outgroup members are subtly dehumanized through the denial of uniquely human emotions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the infrahumanization theory by examining its core claim across diverse intergroup contexts.
  • To empirically test whether outgroup members are denied uniquely human emotions compared to ingroup members.
  • To identify alternative explanations for phenomena attributed to infrahumanization.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted thirteen pre-registered, highly powered experiments with 1690 participants.
  • Examined the theory across seven distinct intergroup contexts.
  • Analyzed the attribution of prosocial and antisocial emotions to ingroup and outgroup members.

Main Results:

  • Outgroup members were not denied uniquely human emotions relative to ingroup members.
  • Outgroup members were ascribed fewer prosocial emotions but more antisocial emotions compared to ingroup members.
  • Observed effects are better explained by ingroup preference, outgroup derogation, and stereotyping, not infrahumanization.

Conclusions:

  • Infrahumanization theory's central claim regarding the denial of human emotions to outgroups is not supported by empirical evidence.
  • The observed patterns of emotion attribution are more parsimoniously explained by established concepts like ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation.
  • Infrahumanization theory may hinder a clearer understanding of intergroup bias rather than advancing it.