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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

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PRKAR1A and Thyroid Tumors.

Georgia Pitsava1,2, Constantine A Stratakis2, Fabio R Faucz2

  • 1Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Cancers
|August 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Inactivating mutations in the PRKAR1A gene can lead to thyroid cancer, particularly follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC). This review explores the molecular mechanisms linking PRKAR1A gene inactivation to thyroid tumorigenesis.

Keywords:
Carney complexPKAPRKAR1AcAMPthyroid carcinoma

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, with rapidly increasing incidence.
  • Follicular (FTC) and papillary (PTC) thyroid carcinomas are the most common well-differentiated subtypes.
  • Genetic alterations like BRAF, RAS mutations, and RET/PTC rearrangements are frequent in thyroid tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of thyroid tumorigenesis.
  • To focus on the role of PRKAR1A gene inactivation in thyroid cancer development.
  • To discuss the association between Carney Complex and thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of molecular genetic and epigenetic alterations in thyroid tumors.
  • Analysis of the TSH/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in thyroid growth.
  • Examination of studies on PRKAR1A gene mutations and their effect on thyroid tumorigenesis.

Main Results:

  • Carney Complex (CNC) is linked to thyroid cancer and caused by PRKAR1A inactivating mutations.
  • PKA activation, due to PRKAR1A ablation in mouse models, can induce FTC.
  • The TSH/cAMP/PKA pathway is crucial for thyroid growth and tumorigenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Inactivation of the PRKAR1A tumor-suppressor gene is a key mechanism in thyroid tumorigenesis.
  • Understanding these molecular pathways can inform future therapeutic strategies for thyroid cancer.
  • Further research into the TSH/cAMP/PKA pathway is warranted for thyroid cancer treatment.