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Updated: Oct 25, 2025

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Published on: February 11, 2017
The Reciprocal Longitudinal Relationship between Executive Dysfunction and Happiness in Korean Children
1Department of Counseling Psychology, KC University, Seoul 07661, Korea.
Abstract:
The goal of this study was to examine the reciprocal longitudinal relationships between executive dysfunction and happiness for Korean children. We used data from the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) conducted by the Korean Institute of Child Care and Education. A total of 1240 valid responses from the first to third grade in elementary school were analyzed using autoregressive crossed-lagged modeling. As a result, executive dysfunction and happiness were found to have reciprocal influences over the three time points. We also found that the cross-lagged effects of executive dysfunction and happiness were stronger than those of happiness on executive dysfunction. Clinical implications and limitations were discussed.
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