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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

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CD39 Regulation and Functions in T Cells.

Eleonora Timperi1, Vincenzo Barnaba2,3

  • 1Department of Immunology, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, 26, rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|August 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

CD39 enzyme regulates adenosine in tumors, impacting T cells. Targeting CD39 offers novel cancer treatment strategies by modulating the tumor microenvironment.

Keywords:
CD39CD73CD8+ T cellsadenosineconventional CD4+ T cellsregulatory T cellssingle nucleotide polymorphismtargeting therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • CD39 enzyme, alongside CD73, converts ATP into adenosine.
  • Adenosine accumulation in the tumor microenvironment creates an immunosuppressive effect.
  • Understanding CD39's role is crucial for developing effective cancer immunotherapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review factors influencing CD39 expression.
  • To elucidate CD39 functions within different T cell subsets.
  • To identify combinatorial treatment strategies involving CD39 for cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of environmental and genetic factors affecting CD39 expression.
  • Analysis of CD39's role in regulatory T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells.
  • Compilation of preclinical and clinical studies on CD39-targeted cancer treatments.

Main Results:

  • Environmental and genetic factors significantly shape CD39 expression patterns.
  • CD39 plays distinct roles in modulating the function of various T cell populations.
  • Numerous studies highlight CD39's potential in combination cancer therapies.

Conclusions:

  • CD39 is a key regulator of the tumor immune microenvironment.
  • Targeting CD39 offers a promising avenue for enhancing anti-cancer immunity.
  • Combinatorial approaches involving CD39 are vital for advancing cancer treatment.