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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
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Bioremediation00:46

Bioremediation

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Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins in groundwater as a byproduct of agricultural run-off and also to clean up oil spills.
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Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

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In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
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Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

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The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes01:33

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

4.5K
Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones. The conversion of alcohol to aldehyde, which involves the oxidation process, depends on the class of the alcohol used and the strength of the oxidizing agent. For instance, primary alcohol will form an aldehyde when treated with a weak oxidizing agent; however, it gets over-oxidized to a carboxylic acid in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Methods for Facilitating Microbial Growth on Pulp Mill Waste Streams and Characterization of the Biodegradation Potential of Cultured Microbes
16:33

Methods for Facilitating Microbial Growth on Pulp Mill Waste Streams and Characterization of the Biodegradation Potential of Cultured Microbes

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Added-Value Chemicals from Lignin Oxidation.

Carina A Esteves Costa1, Carlos A Vega-Aguilar1,2, Alírio E Rodrigues1

  • 1Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Valorizing lignin, a biomass byproduct, via oxidative depolymerization yields valuable chemicals like vanillin and dicarboxylic acids. This review highlights methods to improve lignin conversion and prevent unwanted reactions.

Keywords:
biorefineriesdepolymerizationdicarboxylic acidsligninlignocellulosic biomassoxidationphenolic monomersvanillin and syringaldehyde

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Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
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Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

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Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass using the OrganoCat Process
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Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass using the OrganoCat Process

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Last Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Methods for Facilitating Microbial Growth on Pulp Mill Waste Streams and Characterization of the Biodegradation Potential of Cultured Microbes
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Methods for Facilitating Microbial Growth on Pulp Mill Waste Streams and Characterization of the Biodegradation Potential of Cultured Microbes

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Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
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Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

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Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass using the OrganoCat Process
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Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass using the OrganoCat Process

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Area of Science:

  • Biomass valorization
  • Chemical engineering
  • Organic chemistry

Background:

  • Lignin is a major aromatic component of lignocellulosic biomass, often burned for energy.
  • Pulp and paper industries generate substantial lignin byproduct annually.
  • Lignin's aromatic structure presents opportunities for conversion into higher-value chemicals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review lignin valorization strategies via oxidative depolymerization.
  • To highlight the production of valuable compounds like vanillin, syringaldehyde, and dicarboxylic acids.
  • To assess methods for enhancing lignin reactivity and selectivity while preventing condensation.

Main Methods:

  • Oxidative depolymerization of lignin using oxygen or hydrogen peroxide in alkaline media.
  • Evaluation of products from various lignin sources and delignification processes.
  • Catalytic conversion methods for producing C4 dicarboxylic acids.

Main Results:

  • Successful production of phenolic monomers (vanillin, syringaldehyde) and C4 dicarboxylic acids from lignin.
  • Demonstrated effectiveness of alkaline oxidation with O2 for lignin conversion.
  • Identified challenges in controlling reactivity and preventing condensation reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidative depolymerization is a viable strategy for lignin valorization, offering alternatives to petrochemicals.
  • Optimizing reaction conditions is crucial for selective lignin conversion.
  • Further research into catalytic processes can enhance the yield of specific valuable products.