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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Cardiac syndrome X - the present knowledge.

Magdalena Piegza1, Dawid Wierzba2, Jacek Piegza3

  • 1Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Katedra i Oddział Kliniczny Psychiatrii w Tarnowskich Górach, Wydział Lekarski z Oddziałem Lekarsko-Dentystycznym w Zabrzu.

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Cardiac Syndrome X, characterized by chest pain with normal coronary arteries, affects many perimenopausal women and is linked to mental health issues. Patients require ongoing monitoring due to increased cardiovascular risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Cardiac Syndrome X (CSX) presents with angina-like symptoms despite unobstructed coronary arteries on angiography.
  • First described in 1973, CSX diagnostic criteria remain debated, affecting 10-20% of patients undergoing coronary angiography.
  • CSX predominantly impacts perimenopausal women, who exhibit higher rates of anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define Cardiac Syndrome X using current research.
  • To explore the association between CSX and mental health disturbances.
  • To outline contemporary therapeutic strategies for CSX.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on Cardiac Syndrome X.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and epidemiological data.
  • Examination of treatment modalities, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.

Main Results:

  • CSX definition and diagnostic criteria continue to be controversial.
  • A significant correlation exists between CSX and mental health conditions like anxiety and depression.
  • Current treatments offer limited effectiveness, emphasizing the importance of non-pharmacological interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiac Syndrome X is a complex condition with ongoing diagnostic challenges.
  • Mental health comorbidities are prevalent and significant in CSX patients.
  • CSX patients represent a high-risk group for atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome, necessitating regular follow-up.