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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Auditory Pathway01:15

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Corticofugal VIP Gabaergic Projection Neurons in the Mouse Auditory and Motor Cortex.

Alice Bertero1, Charles Garcia1, Alfonso Junior Apicella1

  • 1Department of Biology, Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Neural Circuits
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PubMed
Summary

Long-range inhibitory connections from VIP-expressing neurons are a common feature across cortical areas. These neurons project to subcortical and contralateral cortical regions, expanding our understanding of brain networks.

Keywords:
GABAergicParvSomVIPauditory cortexlong-rangemotor cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cortical circuitry
  • GABAergic signaling

Background:

  • The traditional view describes the cortex as having only excitatory outputs to other brain regions.
  • Recent studies indicate direct inhibitory cortical outputs exist, with Somatostatin- and Parvalbumin-expressing neurons projecting to distal targets.
  • Long-range projections from VIP-expressing neurons, a major class of inhibitory neurons, have not been previously demonstrated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate long-range projections from VIP-expressing neurons in the mouse auditory and motor cortices.
  • To determine if VIP-expressing neurons project to cortical and subcortical areas.

Main Methods:

  • Anatomical anterograde and retrograde viral tracing techniques were employed.
  • The study focused on VIP-expressing neurons within the auditory and motor cortices of mice.

Main Results:

  • VIP-expressing neurons in the auditory cortex project to the contralateral auditory cortex, striatum, amygdala, medial geniculate body, and superior and inferior colliculi.
  • VIP-expressing neurons in the motor cortex project to the dorsal striatum and contralateral cortex.
  • These projections are GABAergic, indicating inhibitory roles.

Conclusions:

  • Long-range projections from VIP-expressing neurons are demonstrated in both auditory and motor cortices.
  • The presence of these projections in disparate cortical areas suggests it is a general feature of cortical networks.
  • This finding challenges the traditional view and expands the understanding of cortical inhibitory circuitry.