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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Punishment on Pause: Preliminary Evidence That Mindfulness Training Modifies Neural Responses in a Reactive

Hadley Rahrig1, James M Bjork2, Camila Tirado1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
|August 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mindfulness training (MT) and cognitive control training (CT) may regulate reactive aggression through distinct neural pathways. MT enhances ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity, while CT boosts dorsomedial prefrontal cortex function.

Keywords:
aggressionemotion regulationmindfulnessneuroimagingprovocationpunishmentretaliation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Reactive aggression is linked to emotion regulation deficits.
  • Cognitive control training targets top-down emotion regulation.
  • Mindfulness training (MT) may engage both top-down and bottom-up neural mechanisms for emotion regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying MT's impact on reactive aggression.
  • To compare the effects of MT and cognitive control training (CT) on brain function during aggression provocation.

Main Methods:

  • A pilot study randomly assigned participants to 2 weeks of MT or CT.
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used during a retaliatory aggression task.
  • Participants played a game involving provocation and the choice to retaliate.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in aggression levels were observed between groups.
  • MT group showed increased ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activation during punishment.
  • CT group showed increased dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) activation during retaliation decisions.

Conclusions:

  • MT and CT may regulate aggression via different neural circuits.
  • MT might influence bottom-up processing during negative outcomes.
  • CT may enhance top-down control during behavioral regulation.