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Related Concept Videos

Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

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Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
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The phylum Tenericutes, which includes the single class Mollicutes, comprises bacteria that lack cell walls. The term "Mollicutes" derives from the Latin word mollis, meaning "soft." These organisms are among the smallest known and are commonly referred to as mycoplasmas due to the prominence of the genus Mycoplasma, which includes well-known human pathogens. Despite their inability to stain gram-positively (a result of their lack of cell walls), mycoplasmas are phylogenetically related to the...
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Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue
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Distinct microbial communities colonize tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma.

Angelina De Martin1, Mechthild Lütge1, Yves Stanossek1,2

  • 1Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.

Oncoimmunology
|August 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV)-associated tonsil cancer exhibits a distinct oral microbiome. Specific bacterial species in tonsillar crypts can predict cancer presence, offering diagnostic potential.

Keywords:
16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencingTonsillar squamous cell carcinomahigh risk-human papilloma virus (hr-hpv)microbiometonsil cancertonsillar microbiome

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Oncology
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) research

Background:

  • Squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil is a common oropharyngeal cancer, with rising rates linked to high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections.
  • The oral microbiome's role in HR-HPV-associated tonsil cancer is not well understood, despite some characterization in other oropharyngeal malignancies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the microbiome of human palatine tonsil crypts in patients with HR-HPV-associated tonsil cancer.
  • To compare this microbiome to that of a control group of adult sleep apnea patients.
  • To identify microbial signatures predictive of tonsil cancer.

Main Methods:

  • 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the microbial communities in tonsillar crypts.
  • Machine learning algorithms were employed for bacterial species analysis and tumor prediction.
  • Species-specific PCR was utilized for validation in extended patient cohorts.

Main Results:

  • Tonsil cancer patients showed increased abundance of *Firmicutes* and *Actinobacteria* phyla.
  • The control group had a higher abundance of *Spirochetes* and *Synergistetes*.
  • Specific genera like *Veillonella, Streptococcus*, and *Prevotella_7* were associated with tonsil cancer, while *Fusobacterium, Prevotella*, and *Treponema_2* were enriched in sleep apnea patients.
  • Differential abundance of *Filifactor alocis* and *Prevotella melaninogenica* was confirmed as a distinct trait of tonsil cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Tonsil cancer patients possess a characteristic tonsillar crypt microbiome that differs significantly from that of sleep apnea patients across all phylogenetic levels.
  • Microbiome profiling in distinct tonsillar niches presents potential avenues for the diagnosis of tonsil cancer.
  • The findings highlight the importance of the microbiome in the context of HR-HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer.