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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Ankle Joint01:10

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft
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Revisiting the rotator cuff footprint.

Dipit Sahu1, Ashish Phadnis2

  • 1Mumbai Shoulder Institute & Jupiter Hospital Thane, Mumbai, India.

Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma
|August 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Recent research redefines rotator cuff tendon insertions on the greater tuberosity, impacting surgical repair strategies. Understanding updated supraspinatus and infraspinatus footprint anatomy is crucial for effective treatment of rotator cuff tears.

Keywords:
Arthroscopic repairFootprint anatomyRotator cuff

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Anatomy
  • Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

  • Traditionally, the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons were believed to insert broadly across the greater tuberosity facets.
  • This traditional view has been challenged by newer anatomical studies.
  • Discrepancies exist regarding the precise insertion footprints of rotator cuff tendons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize existing literature on rotator cuff tendon insertion anatomy.
  • To compare and contrast older and newer findings on the greater tuberosity footprint.
  • To discuss the implications of updated anatomical knowledge for surgical rotator cuff repair.

Main Methods:

  • Review of basic science studies.
  • Synthesis and comparison of anatomical data from older and newer research.
  • Analysis of capsule attachment and tendon footprint variations.

Main Results:

  • Newer studies indicate a smaller insertion area for the supraspinatus tendon than previously thought.
  • The infraspinatus tendon is described as thicker anteriorly and occupying the lateral superior facet.
  • Significant differences exist between traditional and current understanding of rotator cuff footprint anatomy.

Conclusions:

  • Updated knowledge of rotator cuff footprint anatomy necessitates a re-evaluation of surgical repair techniques.
  • Precise anatomical understanding is critical for optimizing surgical outcomes in rotator cuff tear treatment.
  • This review highlights the evolving understanding of shoulder anatomy and its clinical relevance.