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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

2.0K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
112
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

55
Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
55
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

86
Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

104
Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Heart Failure With Mid-range Ejection Fraction: Every Coin Has Two Sides.

Kaiyuan Zhu1, Teng Ma2, Yang Su2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Qidong People's Hospital, Nantong, China.

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
|August 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This review covers heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) compared to HFrEF and HFpEF. Further research is needed to find effective treatments for HFmrEF to reduce patient mortality.

Keywords:
heart failureheart failure with mid-range ejection fractionheart failure with preserved ejection fractionheart failure with reduced ejection fractionleft ventricular ejecting fraction

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Clinical Epidemiology
  • Heart Failure Research

Background:

  • Heart failure is categorized into HFrEF, HFpEF, and the intermediate category HFmrEF.
  • Understanding HFmrEF is crucial for developing targeted treatment strategies.
  • Current guidelines emphasize comorbidity management for HFmrEF patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the clinical epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prognosis of HFmrEF.
  • To compare HFmrEF with HFrEF and HFpEF.
  • To identify potential therapeutic strategies beyond comorbidity management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing studies on HFmrEF.
  • Comparative analysis of HFmrEF against HFrEF and HFpEF based on epidemiological and prognostic data.
  • Exploration of pathophysiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.

Main Results:

  • HFmrEF represents a distinct clinical entity with unique epidemiological and prognostic characteristics.
  • While aggressive comorbidity management is recommended, specific therapies targeting HFmrEF pathophysiology are under investigation.
  • Existing treatments for HFrEF and HFpEF may not be fully applicable to HFmrEF.

Conclusions:

  • HFmrEF requires further dedicated research to fully characterize its clinical profile.
  • Novel therapeutic strategies targeting underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are needed.
  • Effective management of HFmrEF is essential to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.