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Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
Heart Failure With Mid-range Ejection Fraction: Every Coin Has Two Sides
Kaiyuan Zhu1, Teng Ma2, Yang Su2
1Department of Cardiology, Qidong People's Hospital, Nantong, China.
Abstract:
This review summarizes current knowledge regarding clinical epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prognosis for patients with HFmrEF in comparison to HFrEF and HFpEF. Although recommended treatments currently focus on aggressive management of comorbidities, we summarize potentially beneficial therapies that can delay the process of heart failure by blocking the pathophysiology mechanism. More studies are needed to further characterize HFmrEF and identify effective management strategies that can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of patients with HFmrEF.
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