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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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Real Time RT-PCR02:57

Real Time RT-PCR

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Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
The real-time quantification of the number of amplified products is...
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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
RSV is a retrovirus that contains two copies of a plus-strand  RNA genome. Its genome consists of four main open...
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Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Jumping a Moving Train: SARS-CoV-2 Evolution in Real Time.

Ahmed M Moustafa1,2, Paul J Planet1,3,4

  • 1Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Whole genome sequencing rapidly tracked SARS-CoV-2 evolution during the pandemic. This data reveals crucial insights into viral spread, transmissibility, and immune escape, aiding epidemic control.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • * Molecular epidemiology and virology.
  • * Bioinformatics and phylogenetics.

Background:

  • * The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic spurred unprecedented whole viral genome sequencing.
  • * Over 1.5 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes have been sequenced, vastly exceeding previous microbial genomic data.
  • * This dataset offers a unique opportunity to study viral evolution in near real-time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review the evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
  • * To assess the impact of whole genome sequencing on tracking viral lineages.
  • * To summarize findings on viral properties like transmissibility, virulence, and immune escape.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of existing scientific literature and genomic databases.
  • * Application of systematic biology and phylogenetic principles.
  • * Analysis of large-scale whole genome sequencing data.

Main Results:

  • * Whole genome sequencing has been critical for tracing SARS-CoV-2 spread and evolution.
  • * Genomic data has illuminated key biological properties including transmissibility and immune escape.
  • * Emphasis is placed on findings related to pediatric disease.

Conclusions:

  • * Whole genome sequencing is an invaluable tool in molecular epidemiology for understanding and controlling viral epidemics.
  • * Phylogenetics provides a robust framework for deciphering viral spread and evolution.
  • * Continued genomic surveillance is essential for managing rapidly evolving viruses like SARS-CoV-2.