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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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Human APOBEC3 Variations and Viral Infection.

Shiva Sadeghpour1, Saeideh Khodaee2, Mostafa Rahnama3

  • 1Department of Biological Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

Viruses
|August 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Human APOBEC3 enzymes are key innate immune components that fight viruses through various mechanisms. Natural variations in these enzymes influence antiviral immunity and infectious disease outcomes.

Keywords:
APOBEC3HBVHIVPolymorphismSplice variants

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC3) enzymes are crucial for innate immunity.
  • These enzymes inhibit diverse viruses via deaminase-dependent and -independent pathways.
  • Evidence includes primate-specific expansion, viral counter-defenses (e.g., HIV Vif), and HIV-1 proviral inactivation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on natural variations within human APOBEC3 enzymes.
  • To explore the impact of these genetic variations on antiviral immunity.
  • To understand the role of APOBEC3 variants in infectious diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on human APOBEC3 genetic variations.
  • Analysis of identified single nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes, and splice variants.
  • Examination of reported associations between APOBEC3 variants and antiviral responses.

Main Results:

  • Numerous APOBEC3 genetic variants exist in the human population.
  • Several variants are linked to differential efficacy in antiviral immunity.
  • These variations contribute to the complex interplay between host and virus.

Conclusions:

  • Natural variations in human APOBEC3 enzymes significantly modulate antiviral immunity.
  • Understanding these variants is critical for comprehending infectious disease dynamics.
  • Further research into APOBEC3 polymorphisms can inform therapeutic strategies.