Caregiver's Provision of Non-Recommended Commercially Prepared Milk-Based Drinks to Infants and Toddlers

Assess milk type provision (commercially prepared infant and toddler formula, cow's milk, and plant milk) to infants and toddlers, accounting for sociodemographic characteristics and marketing claims.

Caregivers (N = 1,645) of children (aged 6-36 months) recruited through online panels in 2017.

Cross-sectional survey analysis (system of probit equations) estimated associations between sociodemographics and agreement with marketing claims (independent variables) with milk type provision in the past month (binary dependent variable).

Most caregivers (63%) of infants (aged 6-11 months) provided only breastmilk and/or commercially prepared infant formula. Sixty-five percent of caregivers of 12-month-old infants provided commercially prepared infant formula, and 47% provided cow's milk. Most caregivers (64%) of toddlers (aged 13-36 months) provided cow's milk; some also provided other non-recommended milk types (51%).Associations between milk types suggested milk-based drink provision should be evaluated as a pattern and not as independent behaviors (all Ps < 0.048). Milk type provision was significantly associated with a child's age (months), household income, and race (all Ps < 0.049). Including agreement with marketing claims reduced the significance of associations between milk type provision and some sociodemographic characteristics.

These findings suggest the need for additional expert guidance to discourage inappropriate and unnecessary milk for young children, provide strategies to transition from breastmilk (or commercially prepared infant formula) to cow's milk, and conduct outreach to communities at risk for health disparities about the dangers of serving milk that is not recommended for their child's age. Research is needed to understand how diverse populations interpret product claims and how marketing may perpetuate health disparities.