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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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The cytoskeletal architecture can be studied using different microscopic and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy was instrumental in discovering the cytoskeletal architecture around the 1960s, which allowed obtaining structural information at a high-resolution level. However, the sample preparation procedure often limits this ability in biological samples. Several protocols have been developed over the years to optimize sample preparation. In one of the protocols known as rotary...
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Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum
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Stratum Corneum Function: A Structural Study with Dynamic Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Experiments.

Ichiro Hatta1, Hiromitsu Nakazawa2, Noboru Ohta3

  • 1Kaori YanaseDepartment of Research, Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute.

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Synchrotron X-ray diffraction reveals how substances like surfactants, water, nanoparticles, and ethanol alter skin

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Understanding molecular interactions in the stratum corneum is crucial for drug and cosmetic efficacy.
  • X-ray diffraction is a powerful tool for analyzing skin structure at the molecular level.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural effects of various substances on the stratum corneum using dynamic synchrotron X-ray diffraction.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of substance interaction with intercellular lipids and soft keratin.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on stratum corneum samples.
  • A "solution cell" was utilized to apply aqueous solutions of substances to the skin samples.
  • Structural changes were analyzed in response to surfactants, water content, nanoparticles, and ethanol.

Main Results:

  • Sodium dodecyl sulfate disrupted the long-period lamellar structure.
  • Water content influenced the short-period lamellar structure and soft keratin, with 25 wt% being a key threshold.
  • Nanoparticle application led to new molecular assemblies, suggesting drug release.
  • Ethanol dissolved the liquid state in intercellular lipids, revealing ordered structures upon removal, indicating a pathway for hydrophobic drugs.

Conclusions:

  • Synchrotron X-ray diffraction provides detailed insights into stratum corneum molecular dynamics.
  • Substances interact differently with skin structures, impacting drug delivery and cosmetic formulation.
  • The intercellular lipid liquid state is a significant pathway for small hydrophobic drugs.