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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Exon Recombination02:32

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Coevolution between MHC Class I and Antigen-Processing Genes in Salamanders.

Gemma Palomar1, Katarzyna Dudek1, Magdalena Migalska1

  • 1Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|August 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In salamanders, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) diversity coevolves with antigen-processing genes (APGs) TAP1 and TAP2. This coevolution does not prevent the expansion of MHC-I gene families in nonmammalian vertebrates.

Keywords:
Urodelaantigen-processing genescoevolutioncomparative methodsmajor histocompatibility complex

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Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Comparative genomics

Background:

  • Antigen-processing genes (APGs) supply peptides to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules.
  • In mammals, MHC-I is polymorphic and APGs are monomorphic, while in some non-mammals, both are polymorphic and coevolve.
  • This coevolution was thought to limit MHC-I to a single gene, but salamanders possess multiple MHC-I genes, questioning this hypothesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between MHC-I and APG diversity in salamanders.
  • To test if MHC-I and APG diversity are positively correlated, supporting coevolution.
  • To determine if coevolution restricts MHC-I gene family expansion.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of MHC-I and APG (TAP1, TAP2, PSMB8, PSMB9, TAPBP) diversity across 30 salamander species.
  • Statistical correlation analysis to assess the relationship between MHC-I diversity and APG diversity.
  • Examining diversity at both within-individual and species-wide levels.

Main Results:

  • MHC-I diversity significantly explained the diversity of TAP1 and TAP2, supporting their coevolution.
  • No consistent coevolutionary effect was observed for PSMB8, PSMB9, and TAPBP.
  • Salamanders exhibit coevolution between MHC-I and specific APGs without limiting MHC-I gene family size.

Conclusions:

  • Coevolution between MHC-I and certain APGs (TAPs) occurs in salamanders.
  • Coevolution does not preclude the expansion of the MHC-I gene family in this lineage.
  • Nonmammalian vertebrates can balance coevolutionary benefits with MHC-I gene family flexibility.