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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

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Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation

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Uniquely pediatric upper extremity injuries.

Helen H R Kim¹, Sarah J Menashe¹, Anh-Vu Ngo¹

¹Radiology Department, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.

Clinical Imaging

|August 10, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric upper extremity injuries, including fractures and sports-related conditions, require specialized radiologic interpretation due to unique developmental patterns. Accurate diagnosis of these common pediatric injuries is crucial for effective management and preventing long-term complications.

Keywords:

Elbow OCD Elbow fracture Fishtail deformity Little league shoulder Physeal bar Pseudo-Galeazzi Trans-physeal fractures of the distal humerus

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Radiology
Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine

Background:

Pediatric upper extremity injuries differ significantly from adult presentations due to unique anatomy, including ossification centers and open physes.
Radiologists unfamiliar with pediatric-specific patterns may face diagnostic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To review normal pediatric upper extremity anatomy and common acute and chronic injuries.
To highlight the importance of accurate fracture classification (e.g., buckle vs. Salter-Harris) for pediatric injury management.
To discuss sports-related injuries in adolescent athletes and potential late complications.

Main Methods:

Review article synthesizing current knowledge on pediatric upper extremity injuries.
Discussion of normal anatomy and common injury patterns.
Examination of sports-specific injuries and sequelae.

Main Results:

Common acute injuries include supracondylar distal humeral fractures.
Chronic conditions like osteochondritis dissecans and sports-related injuries (e.g., little league shoulder, gymnast wrist) are prevalent.
Potential late complications include physeal bar formation and fishtail deformity.

Conclusions:

Accurate radiologic diagnosis of pediatric upper extremity injuries is essential for appropriate treatment.
Understanding unique pediatric anatomy and common injury mechanisms aids in preventing misdiagnosis.
Awareness of sports-related injuries and late complications is critical for the management of young athletes.