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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
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Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

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The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Joints01:26

Joints

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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Method of Joints: Problem Solving II01:30

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Consider a truss structure with frictionless joints fixed to a wall and roller support. If a force of 150 N is applied to joint A, the forces in each member of the truss can be determined using the method of joints.
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Newborn joint mechanics.

Rakesh Mondal1, Arnab Nandy1, Debadyuti Datta1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, India.

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine : the Official Journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians
|August 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Newborn joint angles and range of motion decrease with increasing gestational age, with strong inverse correlations observed. Precise measurement of these angles is crucial for understanding infant musculoskeletal mechanics.

Keywords:
Articular goniometryassessmentgestationmusculoskeletal physiologynewborn

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal musculoskeletal development
  • Pediatric orthopedics
  • Biomechanical analysis in infants

Background:

  • Understanding normal joint mechanics in newborns is essential for early detection of musculoskeletal abnormalities.
  • Gestational age (GA) is a critical factor influencing physiological development in neonates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate joint mechanics in healthy newborn infants using goniometric assessment.
  • To determine the relationship between major joint angles and range of motion (ROM) with gestational age.

Main Methods:

  • An observational study involving 433 healthy newborns (28-41 weeks gestation) within 48 hours of birth.
  • Manual goniometry was used to assess six major joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle) for passive movements and ROM.
  • Pearson's r coefficient quantified the association between joint angles/ROM and gestational age.

Main Results:

  • No significant sex or side-of-body differences in joint measurements were found.
  • A consistent declining trend in joint angles and ROM was observed with increasing gestational age.
  • Strong inverse correlations (r ≈ -0.75) were noted for shoulder flexion-extension/adduction-abduction ROM, wrist palmar flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion with GA.

Conclusions:

  • Newborn joint angles are significantly dependent on gestational age.
  • Accurate assessment of joint angles requires strict attention to the plane and axis of movement.
  • Gestation-appropriate joint angle calibration provides a foundation for assessing infant musculoskeletal mechanics.