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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells01:19

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration

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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
Types of Stem Cells used in Stem Cell Therapy
The two main cell...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Promotion of Survival and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells with Fibrin and Growth Factor Cocktails after Severe Spinal Cord Injury
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Promotion of Survival and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells with Fibrin and Growth Factor Cocktails after Severe Spinal Cord Injury

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Stem Cells and Spinal Fusion.

Stephen R Stephan1, Linda E Kanim2, Hyun W Bae1,2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.

International Journal of Spine Surgery
|August 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show promise for spinal fusion surgery, but optimal use with scaffolds requires further research. Current studies have varied methods, limiting direct comparisons for spinal fusion augmentation.

Keywords:
MSCautograftbiologicsbone graftmesenchymal stem cellsregenerative medicinescaffoldspinal fusionstem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Spinal fusion surgery aims to achieve bony union between vertebrae.
  • Pseudarthrosis (failed fusion) remains a significant complication.
  • Current bone grafting options have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for spinal fusion.
  • To examine preclinical and clinical outcomes of MSCs in spinal fusion.
  • To discuss current bone grafting techniques and pseudarthrosis rates.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of preclinical and clinical studies.
  • Searches conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and ClinicalTrials.gov up to January 2021.
  • Inclusion of studies investigating stem cells and spinal fusion.

Main Results:

  • 19 preclinical and 17 clinical studies were analyzed.
  • Heterogeneity in study designs (scaffolds, cells, techniques) was observed.
  • Preclinical studies showed promise with appropriate scaffolds; clinical studies had promising but varied outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • MSCs are a promising option for augmenting spinal fusion grafts.
  • Appropriate osteoconductive scaffolds are crucial for MSC efficacy.
  • Further research is needed to optimize MSC use and cell-based allografts for spinal fusion.