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Related Concept Videos

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Multifunctional, Micropipette-based Method for Incorporation And Stimulation of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Droplet Interface Bilayers
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Multifunctional, Micropipette-based Method for Incorporation And Stimulation of Bacterial Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Droplet Interface Bilayers

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Mechanosensitive channel gating by delipidation.

Vanessa Judith Flegler1, Akiko Rasmussen2, Karina Borbil1

  • 1Biocenter and Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum, Universität Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) opens when its associated lipids are removed, supporting a model where lipid extrusion triggers gating. Re-addition of lipids causes the channel to close, even without a membrane.

Keywords:
MscScryoelectron microscopydelipidationforce-from-lipid principlelipid–protein interaction

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) is crucial for bacterial survival under hypoosmotic stress.
  • MscS senses membrane tension to regulate intracellular pressure by releasing solutes.
  • Lipids interact with MscS within hydrophobic pockets, but their exact role in gating remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of lipids in MscS mechanosensing and gating.
  • To test the hypothesis that lipid extrusion from MscS triggers channel opening.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized detergents (dodecyl-β-maltoside and lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol) to delipidate MscS.
  • Observed MscS gating behavior upon detergent treatment and subsequent addition of solubilized lipids.
  • Analyzed the distribution of lipid aliphatic chains in open and closed MscS conformations.

Main Results:

  • MscS opens upon significant delipidation induced by detergents.
  • Addition of detergent-solubilized lipids causes MscS to close, independent of an external membrane.
  • Lipid extrusion from MscS pockets is proposed to be the gating mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides strong evidence supporting the lipid extrusion model for MscS gating.
  • Lipid movement during gating involves extrusion from the cytosolic side and flow into gaps on the periplasmic side.
  • MscS gating is directly modulated by the presence and removal of lipids from its structure.