An experimental method for estimating the tearing energy in rubber-like materials using the true stored energy

A method for determining the critical tearing energy in rubber-like materials is proposed. In this method, the energy required for crack propagation in a rubber-like material is determined by the change of recovered elastic energy which is obtained by deducting the dissipated energy due to different inelastic processes from the total strain energy applied to the system. Hence, the classical method proposed by Rivlin and Thomas using the pure shear tear test is modified using the actual stored elastic energy. The total dissipated energy is evaluated using cyclic pure shear and simple shear dynamic experiments at the critical stretch level. To accurately estimate the total dissipated energy, the unloading rate is determined from the time the crack takes to grow an increment. A carbon-black-filled natural rubber is examined in this study. In cyclic pure shear experiment, the specimens were cyclically loaded under quasi-static loading rate of [Formula: see text] and for different unloading rates, i.e. [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The simple shear dynamic experiment is used to obtain the total dissipated energy at higher frequencies, i.e. [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] which corresponds to unloading rates [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text], using the similarities between simple and pure shear deformation. The relationship between dissipated energy and unloading stretch rate is found to follow a power-law such that cyclic pure shear and simple shear dynamic experiments yield similar result. At lower unloading rates (i.e. [Formula: see text]), Mullins effect dominates and the viscous dissipation is minor, whereas at higher unloading rates, viscous dissipation becomes significant. At the crack propagation unloading rate [Formula: see text], the viscous dissipation is significant such that the amount of dissipated energy increases approximately by [Formula: see text] from the lowest unloading rate. The critical tearing energy is obtained to be [Formula: see text] using classical method and [Formula: see text] using the proposed method. Hence, the classical method overestimates the critical tearing energy by approximately [Formula: see text].