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Related Concept Videos

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay01:33

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

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In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen.  Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Antiviral Strategies Through Novel Immunocapture and Mass Spectrometry Techniques
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Developing a SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test Using Engineered Affinity Proteins.

Seunghyeon Kim1, Emma Yee1, Eric A Miller1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|August 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a rapid method to develop sensitive COVID-19 diagnostic tests using engineered proteins. The new cellulose paper tests offer a scalable solution for infectious disease detection.

Keywords:
affinity proteincelluloseenzyme-linked immunosorbent assayslibrary screeningpeptides and proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Infectious Disease Diagnostics

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for rapid, scalable diagnostic tests.
  • Existing diagnostic technologies face challenges in large-scale manufacturing and accessibility.
  • Biomarkers like the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein are crucial for disease detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel affinity pairs for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein using the RAPIDS method.
  • To create a rapid, paper-based diagnostic test for COVID-19.
  • To establish a scalable manufacturing process for diagnostic assays.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the rapid affinity pair identification via directed selection (RAPIDS) method to identify protein binders.
  • Integrated high-sensitivity affinity pairs into a 10-minute vertical-flow cellulose paper test.
  • Assessed the compatibility of identified proteins with roll-to-roll printing for mass production.

Main Results:

  • Discovered multiple affinity pairs for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein within 10 weeks.
  • Developed a cellulose paper test with limits of detection at 40 and 80 pM in different matrices.
  • Demonstrated successful detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in clinical samples.

Conclusions:

  • The RAPIDS method enables rapid development of diagnostic affinity pairs for emerging infectious diseases.
  • Cellulose paper-based assays offer a scalable and accessible alternative to current diagnostic technologies.
  • Engineered binder proteins show promise for timely and flexible development of clinical diagnostic tests.