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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
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Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Related Experiment Video

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Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets
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Milk and bugs educate infant immune systems.

Johanne E Spreckels1, Alexandra Zhernakova1

  • 1Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Immunity
|August 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Early gut bacteria, Bifidobacteria, use milk sugars to create compounds that promote immune tolerance and reduce infant intestinal inflammation, aiding immune system development.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Immune system development begins early in life.
  • Research on infant immune system education is limited.
  • The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in immune maturation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between early gut microbiota and immune system development in infants.
  • To understand how specific bacteria influence immune responses in early life.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of two infant cohorts.
  • Study of the interaction between gut bacteria and host immune system.

Main Results:

  • Identified Bifidobacteria as key players in early immune development.

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Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
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  • Demonstrated that Bifidobacteria metabolize milk sugars into immunoregulatory compounds.
  • Showed these compounds induce immune tolerance and decrease intestinal inflammation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Bifidobacteria contribute significantly to the education of the infant immune system.
    • Specific bacterial metabolites can modulate immune responses, promoting gut health.