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Buffers

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...

Switching of BJT

Switching of BJT

Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
Cut-off Mode ("Off" State): In this state, both the emitter-base and collector-base junctions are...

MOSFET: Enhancement Mode

MOSFET: Enhancement Mode

Enhancement-mode MOSFETs are pivotal components in electronics, distinguished by their capacity to act as highly efficient switches. They are part of the larger family of metal-oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). They are available in two types: p-channel and n-channel, each tailored to specific polarity operations.
In their basic form, enhancement-mode MOSFETs are typically non-conductive when the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is zero. This default 'off' state means no...

Clipper Circuit

Clipper Circuit

A clipper circuit is a fundamental wave-shaping device that harnesses the unique properties of diodes to alter and control waveform characteristics. This technology is widely used in electronic devices, especially in television and radar communication systems, where it enhances waveform modulation in both transmitters and receivers.
The operation of a clipper circuit can be exemplified by analyzing a dual-clipper configuration setup that integrates two ideal diodes, each paired with a biasing...

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...

Buffers: Overview

Buffers: Overview

Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).

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Updated: Oct 24, 2025

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Light-Switchable Buffers.

Cesare Berton¹, Daniel Maria Busiello², Stefano Zamuner²

¹Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|August 12, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel merocyanine photoacid enables light-switchable pH control in aqueous buffers. This system allows for tunable pH between 7 and 4 using visible light, offering new possibilities for chemical and biological applications.

Keywords:

buffers molecular switches photoacidity protonated merocyanines water

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Area of Science:

Photochemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry
Chemical Biology

Background:

Traditional buffer systems often lack dynamic control.
Photoresponsive molecules offer potential for external stimuli-based regulation.
Merocyanine dyes are known photochromic compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a visible light-switchable buffer system.
To synthesize and characterize a novel merocyanine photoacid.
To demonstrate tunable pH control in aqueous solutions using light.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of a para-substituted merocyanine photoacid.
Preparation of aqueous buffer solutions.
Spectroscopic analysis of pH changes upon irradiation with 500 nm light.
Hydrolytic stability testing.

Main Results:

A stable aqueous buffer system was successfully created.
The pH of the buffer could be reversibly tuned between 7 and 4.
The system demonstrated hydrolytic stability.
500 nm light was effective in switching the pH.

Conclusions:

Merocyanine photoacids are effective for creating light-switchable buffer systems.
The developed system offers precise, non-invasive pH control.
This technology has potential applications in areas requiring dynamic pH environments.