Vitamin D and The Gut Microbiota: a Narrative Literature Review

Recently several studies have attempted to investigate the association between vitamin D and microbiota. However, studies have reported inconsistent results. This narrative review aimed to investigate the potential association between vitamin D and microbiota population in the gut by pooling together the results from observational studies and clinical trials. We considered animal and human studies in this field. Several studies have shown the correlation of vitamin D deficiency with microbiota. Furthermore, interventional studies were emerging that vitamin D change the microbiota composition in which leads to an increase in beneficial bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, and Coprococcus while decreases in Firmicutes. Vitamin D could change the microbiota toward decreasing in Firmicutes and increasing in Bacteroidetes. At genera level, vitamin D may connect to some genera of Lachnospiaceae family (e.g., Blautia, Rosburia, Dorea, and Coprococcus). It seems that adequate level of vitamin D is an important factor in improving the composition of the gut microbiota. More studies are needed to confirm possible underling mechanisms.