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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing PSC-to-Functional Cell Differentiation Using ML Models Based on Live-Cell Bright-Field Imaging
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Transcription Factor-Based Strategies to Generate Neural Cell Types from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Isaac Canals1,2,3, Ella Quist1,2,3, Henrik Ahlenius1,2,3

  • 1Stem Cells, Aging and Neurodegeneration Group, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

Cellular Reprogramming
|August 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Transcription factor-based protocols rapidly generate pure human neuronal and glial cells from pluripotent stem cells. This method advances disease modeling and drug screening in neurobiology research.

Keywords:
astrocytesmicroglianeuronsoligodendrocytespluripotent stem cellsreprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Neurobiology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a valuable source for generating diverse human cell types for research.
  • Traditional differentiation protocols yield mixed cell populations, limiting their utility.
  • Transcription factor (TF)-based methods offer a novel approach for generating specific neural cell subtypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review TF-based protocols for generating specific neuronal and glial subtypes from PSCs.
  • To discuss applications of these generated cells in disease modeling and drug discovery.
  • To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of TF-based differentiation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on TF-based differentiation protocols for PSCs.
  • Focus on protocols generating excitatory, inhibitory, dopaminergic, and motor neurons.
  • Inclusion of protocols for generating astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.

Main Results:

  • TF-based protocols enable rapid, reproducible generation of highly pure neural cell populations.
  • Specific TF combinations can efficiently direct PSC differentiation towards desired neural lineages.
  • Generated cells are suitable for various applications including disease modeling and drug screening.

Conclusions:

  • TF-based protocols represent a significant advancement in generating specific neural cell types from PSCs.
  • These methods overcome limitations of traditional protocols, offering improved purity and efficiency.
  • Future research directions include optimizing TF strategies and expanding applications in neuroscience.