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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 24, 2025

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Dorsal Skin of Hamsters: a Useful Model for the Screening of Antileishmanial Drugs

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Published on: April 21, 2012

Levamisole Therapy in COVID-19.

Hayder M Al-Kuraishy¹, Ali I Al-Gareeb¹, Luay Alkazmi²

¹Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Viral Immunology

|August 13, 2021

Summary

Levamisole (LVM) shows dual effects in COVID-19 management. It aids early-phase SARS-CoV-2 clearance but may worsen the late-phase cytokine storm. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy and optimal timing.

Keywords:

COVID-19 angiotensin converting enzyme 2 immune response interferon-gamma levamisole proinflammatory cytokines

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Published on: April 4, 2025

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Pharmacology
Immunology

Background:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, primarily affects the respiratory system with manifestations like ALI and ARDS.
Levamisole (LVM) is an anthelminthic drug with immune-modulating properties, including the induction of type 1 immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential role of Levamisole (LVM) in managing SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19.
To analyze the bidirectional effects of LVM based on the phase of COVID-19.

Main Methods:

Review of existing studies on Levamisole (LVM) and its proposed mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2.
Analysis of LVM's immune-stimulating effects in relation to COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Main Results:

LVM may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 proliferation by targeting the papain-like protease.
LVM might prevent acute lung injury (ALI) and acute kidney injury via glucocorticoid receptor activation.
LVM's immune stimulation is beneficial in early COVID-19 for viral clearance and tissue repair.

Conclusions:

Levamisole (LVM) exhibits bidirectional effects in COVID-19: beneficial in the early phase and potentially harmful in the late phase due to increased cytokine storm risk.
Clinical trials are essential to validate LVM's efficacy and determine optimal administration timing for COVID-19 management.