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Updated: Oct 24, 2025

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT
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Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for the management of type 2 diabetes

Maka Siamashvili1, Stephen N Davis1

  • 1School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
|August 13, 2021
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors effectively manage glycemia and reduce risks of cardiovascular and renal disease. These agents demonstrate safety and efficacy in various treatment combinations, offering additional benefits like weight and blood pressure reduction.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Nephrology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors decrease renal glucose reabsorption, leading to increased glucosuria and improved glycemic control.
  • Beyond glycemic benefits, SGLT2 inhibitors are recognized for reducing cardiovascular and renal disease risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review late-phase clinical trials of SGLT2 inhibitors, including empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and ertugliflozin.
  • To present safety and efficacy data from monotherapy, combination therapy, and cardiovascular/renal outcomes trials.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of late-phase clinical trial data for major SGLT2 inhibitors.
  • Identification and presentation of safety and efficacy endpoints across diverse trial designs.

Main Results:

  • SGLT2 inhibitors demonstrate safety and efficacy as monotherapy and in combination with other antihyperglycemic agents.
  • Significant reductions in body weight, blood pressure, and improvements in renal outcomes were observed.
  • Trials showed decreased all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and worsening heart failure.

Conclusions:

  • SGLT2 inhibitors are safe and effective for glycemic control, alone or in combination therapy.
  • The class offers substantial benefits beyond glucose lowering, including cardiovascular and renal protection.
  • Positive impacts on mortality and heart failure progression underscore the broad therapeutic value of SGLT2 inhibitors.
Keywords:
Glucosecanagliflozindapagliflozinempagliflozinertugliflozinsglt2 inhibitorstype 2 diabetes

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