Theranostics in oncology: What radiologists want to know

Combination of radioligand imaging and therapy, so called radiotheranostics, is a novel tool of precision oncology with proven clinical value. In-depth knowledge of functional imaging nuances is critically needed for precise prognostication and guidance of management. Here, we review theranostic applications with up to Phase III type evidence for outcome improvement: Imaging and therapy of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) exploiting high levels of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) expression and radiotheranostics of prostate cancer targeting the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). This narrative review focusses on these two applications and elucidates patient selection and response assessment by radioligand scintigraphy and/or positron emission tomography. Furthermore, we provide a brief outlook on future applications for novel targets outside of NEN and prostate cancer.